3. 細菌耐藥
antimicrobial resistance, AMR

請看例句：

China announced a State-level plan on Thursday to curb antimicrobial resistance, which involves 14 ministries and agencies, including health, agriculture, food and drug, and environmental protection.
我國25日宣布《遏制細菌耐藥國家行動計劃》，該計劃涉及衛(wèi)生、農業(yè)、食藥、環(huán)保等14個部門機構。

細菌耐藥(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)是全球公共健康領域面臨的一項重大挑戰(zhàn)(a major global public health challenge)。細菌耐藥指細菌、真菌、病毒、寄生生物(bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites)等微生物對于抗菌藥物的耐受性(resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug)，起初該藥物能對這種微生物引起的感染進行有效治療(that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it)。 耐藥性根據其發(fā)生原因可分為獲得耐藥性(acquired resistance)和固有耐藥性(intrinsic resistance)。

《遏制細菌耐藥國家行動計劃(2016-2020年)》的出臺背景是：抗菌藥物廣泛應用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生(be widely used in health care)、農業(yè)養(yǎng)殖領域，在治療感染性疾病挽救患者生命(treat infectious diseases and save patients' lives)、防治動物疫病(animal epidemic prevention and treatment)提高養(yǎng)殖效益以及保障公共衛(wèi)生安全中，發(fā)揮了重要作用。但是，由于新型抗菌藥物研發(fā)能力(R&D capability)不足、藥店無處方銷售抗菌藥物(sales of antimicrobial drugs without prescriptions in some pharmacies)、醫(yī)療和養(yǎng)殖領域不合理應用抗菌藥物、制藥企業(yè)(pharmaceutical enterprise)廢棄物排放(waste discharge)不達標、群眾合理用藥(rational drug use)意識不高等多種因素，細菌耐藥問題日益突出。

文件提出，從國家層面實施綜合治理策略和措施，對抗菌藥物的研發(fā)、生產、流通、應用環(huán)節(jié)加強監(jiān)管(intensify oversight in research and development, production, distribution and application of antimicrobial drugs)，加強宣傳教育、加強國際交流合作(intensify international cooperation and exchanges)，應對細菌耐藥帶來的風險挑戰(zhàn)。到2020年，爭取研發(fā)上市全新抗菌藥物1-2個，新型診斷儀器設備和試劑5-10項(one or two new antimicrobial drugs, and five to ten new testing devices as well as reagents will be developed and made available by 2020)。零售藥店憑處方銷售抗菌藥物的比例基本達到全覆蓋(basically all retail drugstores should sell antimicrobial drugs only when provided with prescriptions)，省(區(qū)、市)憑獸醫(yī)處方銷售抗菌藥物的比例達到50%。全國二級以上醫(yī)院基本建立抗菌藥物臨床應用管理機制(establish a management mechanism to strictly control clinical application of antimicrobial drugs)。對醫(yī)務人員、養(yǎng)殖一線獸醫(yī)和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)從業(yè)人員完成抗菌藥物合理應用培訓(medical staff, veterinarians and employees of poultry and livestock industries finish training on the proper use of antimicrobial drugs)；全面實施中小學抗菌藥物合理應用科普教育(all primary and middle school students should be educated on the issue)。

[相關詞匯]

衛(wèi)生條件 sanitary conditions

耐藥感染 drug-resistant infections

耐藥菌株，抗性品系 resistant strains

抗生素耐藥 antibiotic resistance

抗生素濫用 antibiotic abuse

診斷試驗 diagnostic test